Advances in spectroscopic detection of traumatic brain injury biomarkers: Potential for diagnostic applications

초록

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an increasing worldwide health problem, driving the need for highly accurate and reliable diagnostic tools for early detection in clinical applications. Due to the high cost and time-consuming nature of traditional imaging techniques, spectroscopic methodologies are emerging as an excellent alternative for rapid promising diagnosis via direct measurements of TBI-specific biomarker concentrations in the biofluids of TBI patients. This review will first introduce the predominantly investigated TBI biomarkers, including S100 calcium-binding protein B, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament light polypeptide, and Tau, highlighting their importance and feasibility in diagnostic applications. The recent development of conventional spectroscopic detection methodologies, classified into labeling and label-free approaches, will then be highlighted for determining TBI biomarker levels found in biofluidic samples as a valuable assessment platform. These methodologies include colorimetry, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance, Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. This review will finally explore the latest advancements in nanomaterial-integrated spectroscopic detection methods for TBI biomarkers in biofluids, emphasizing their unique advantages and limitations in point-of-care diagnostic platforms and discussing future perspectives.

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