표준서류 속 그 학생: 학적부의 도입 역사와 기록체계

초록

This paper explores the development and institutionalization of school records-including cumulative records-during the formative period of modern schooling, up to the Second World War. It first traces the historical emergence of school record-keeping practices in several modern nations: Germany, the United States, Japan, and colonial Korea. By the early twentieth century, these records had become increasingly standardized across national contexts. In the United States, where measurement science was advancing, school records incorporated scientific tools such as intelligence tests and personality assessments to better understand individual students. Broader historical forces-such as war, imperialism, and colonialism-not only shaped the content and function of student records, but also influenced their development in varying ways across national contexts. Second, the paper examines how school records were systematized to enhance the observation and evaluation of students. Student records have been systematically organized through methods of individualization, accumulation, comprehensiveness, and interconnection, enabling a holistic understanding of each student. During the first half of the 20th century, schools in various countries functioned as experimental grounds for more efficient observation and evaluation of students.

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