4D Printed Smart Cardiac Patch: Materials, Fabrication Techniques, and Clinical Applications

초록

4D printing technology has emerged as a next-generation bioprinting technique that enables the fabrication of dynamic structures by utilizing smart materials that respond to external stimuli. Specifically, 4D printed cardiac patches for myocardial infarction (MI) treatment possess adaptive properties that allow them to synchronize with the continuous relaxation and contraction of the heart. These patches promote tissue regeneration by enhancing cell adhesion, proliferation, and vascularization. This review comprehensively examines the principles and fabrication techniques of 4D cardiac patches, the properties of smart materials, biological performance, and preclinical outcomes based on representative research findings. Furthermore, the significance of these advancements in the field of cardiac tissue regeneration is thoroughly discussed.

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