Silibinin alleviates small intestine damage induced by aerosol inhalation of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate

초록

Industrialization and urbanization produce hazardous particulate matter (PM), including ammonium compounds like (NH4)2SO4 4 ) 2 SO 4 and NH4NO3, 4 NO 3 , which comprise around 50 % of PM. Despite this, the influence of ammonium on intestinal inflammation remains unclear. We studied an ammonium mixture's effects on the intestine, finding elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in exposed mice, causing small intestine morphological changes. Investigating mitigation strategies, we assessed silibinin, an antioxidant from milk thistle seeds. Silibinin treatment in (NH4)2SO4- 4 ) 2 SO 4- and NH4NO3-exposed 4 NO 3-exposed mice significantly reduced inflammatory markers, alleviated oxidative stress, and preserved intestinal tissue integrity via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our findings elucidate ammonium's potential impact on intestinal inflammation and highlight silibinin's therapeutic impact against PM-induced small intestine damage.

키워드