Evaluating the potential of wax impregnated reactive components for long-term acenaphthene removal

초록

The catalytic oxidation of acenaphthene (ANA) was investigated using a controlled-release persulfate candle (PSC) and Fe(II) candle (Fe(II)C) to provide long-lasting oxidation conditions during groundwater remediation. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to compare the pseudo-first-order rate constant (k(obs)) and % removal of ANA oxidation using PSC/Fe(II)C, PS solution (PSaq)/Fe(II) solution (Fe(II)(aq)), PSC/Fe(II)(aq), and PSaq/Fe(II)C systems. The k(obs) and % removal of ANA in the PSC/Fe(II)C system exceeded those in the other systems. The optimal degradation conditions used were 0.1 mM ANA; 3.08 mM equilibrium concentration of PS (C-e,C-PS) released from PSC (controlled-release rate constant, k(cr) = 7.731 day(-1)); 5.673 mM equilibrium concentration of Fe(II) (C-e,C-Fe(II)) released from Fe(II)C (k(cr) = 3.796 day(-1)); unadjusted pH (similar to 7.0); and 25 degrees C. Radical scavenger studies and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra showed that sulfate (SO4 center dot-) and hydroxyl ((OH)-O-center dot) radicals were involved in the ANA oxidation, but (OH)-O-center dot was the dominant radical species in the PSC/Fe(II)C system. Cl-, SO42-, and HCO3- acted as radical scavengers. The introduction of hydroxylamine (HA) into the PSC/Fe(II)C system resulted in a notable enhancement of ANA removal efficiency, increasing it from 51.8 % to 82.6 % within 10 min. Additionally, the PSC/Fe(II)C + HA system exhibited a higher Fe(II) consumption efficiency of 96.6 %, surpassing that of the PSC/Fe(II)(aq) + HA system, which registered an efficiency of 88.6 %. Intermediate byproducts after 24 h of reaction were detected as non-toxic byproducts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The PSC/Fe(II)C system would be beneficial for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater due to the continuous supply of Fe(II) and PS for a long time.

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