Chemically pre-lithiated/sodiated reduced graphene oxide-antimony oxide composites for high-rate capability and long-term cycling stability in lithium and sodium-ion batteries

초록

Utilizing ultrasonication and microwave irradiation processes, we present a straightforward synthetic route to microwave-irradiated reduced graphene oxide (MrGO)-antimony oxide (Sb2O3) composites used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Furthermore, after a chemical pre-lithiation (PL) and pre-sodiation (PS) process, PL-MrGO/LixSb2O3 and PS-MrGO/NaxSb2O3 composites incorporating an inorganic solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and amorphous LixSb2O3/NaxSb2O3 were prepared by drying in an ambient environment. The inorganic SEI, including Li(Na)OH already formed at the defect site where irreversible Li/Na-ion trapping occurs, inhibits the initial irreversible reaction and provides similar to 100% initial coulombic efficiency. In addition, the amorphous LixSb2O3 and NaxSb2O3 formed before the 1st discharge process promote improved cycling stability. For LIBs, the reversible capacity of the PL-MrGO/LixSb2O3 anode is 877.7 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 after 150 cycles and 315.3 mA h g-1 after 3000 cycles at 5000 mA g-1. Also, for SIBs, PS-MrGO/NaxSb2O3 exhibits a reversible capacity of 313.1 mA h g-1 at 1200 mA g-1 after 3000 cycles. This rational structural design, which considers the irreversible reactions that occur during cycling, can be extended to the development of other high-performance anode materials.

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