Departures from standard disc predictions in intensive ground-based monitoring of three AGNs

초록

We present ground-based multiband light curves of the AGN Mrk 509, NGC 4151, and NGC 4593 obtained contemporaneously with Swift monitoring. We measure cross-correlation lags relative to Swift UVW2 (1928 A) and test the standard prediction for disc reprocessing, which assumes a geometrically thin optically thick accretion disc where continuum interband delays follow the relation tau(lambda)proportional to lambda(4/3) . For Mrk 509 the 273-d Swift campaign gives well-defined lags that increase with wavelength as tau(lambda)proportional to lambda(2.17 +/- 0.2) , steeper than the thin-disc prediction, and the optical lags are a factor of similar to 5 longer than expected for a simple disc-reprocessing model. This 'disc-size discrepancy' as well as excess lags in the u and r bands (which include the Balmer continuum and H alpha , respectively) suggest a mix of short lags from the disc and longer lags from nebular continuum originating in the broad-line region. The shorter Swift campaigns, 69 d on NGC 4151 and 22 d on NGC 4593, yield less well-defined shorter lags<2d. . The NGC 4593 lags are consistent with tau(lambda)proportional to lambda(4/3) but with uncertainties too large for a strong test. For NGC 4151 the Swift lags match tau(lambda)proportional to lambda(4/3), with a small U-band excess, but the ground-based lags in the r, i, and z bands are significantly shorter than the B and g lags, and also shorter than expected from the thin-disc prediction. The interpretation of this unusual lag spectrum is unclear. Overall these results indicate significant diversity in the tau-lambda relation across the optical/UV/NIR, which differs from the more homogeneous behaviour seen in the Swift bands.

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