주석의 제련과 리사이클링

초록

Tin (Sn) is one of the seven metals of antiquity and is very familiar to humans. Its annual global use in 2023 was approximately 357 kilotons. Approximately 51% of the total Sn produced globally is used for manufacturing solder. However, it has several other industrial applications. This paper reviews the production and uses of Sn, and its smelting and recycling technologies. Sn is produced by carbothermal reduction of cassiterite(SnO2). During this reaction iron oxide in the ore is also reduced; therefore the behavior of Fe during the reduction must also be considered. Crude tin is refined by pyrometallurgy and electrorefining. Sn refining is also employed as a recycling process. Sn is primarily recycled from solder alloys, and smelting and refining processes are used to recover pure Sn. Additionally, Sn-plated steel sheets are subjected to chlorination, alkaline leaching, alkaline electrolytic leaching, and electrowinning processes to recover scrap Sn and Fe. Understanding these extraction and refining methods is essential for new recycling processes for extracting Sn from secondary Sn sources.

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