Optimization of electrochemical regeneration of intercalated MXene for the adsorptive removal of ciprofloxacin: Prospective mechanism

초록

2D-Ti<inf>3</inf>C<inf>2</inf>T<inf>x</inf> MXene nanosheets intercalated with sodium ions (SI–Ti<inf>3</inf>C<inf>2</inf>T<inf>x</inf>) were synthesized and utilized in simultaneous adsorption and electrochemical regeneration with ciprofloxacin (CPX). The primary focus of this study is to investigate the long-term stability of SI–Ti3C2Tx MXene and to propose the underlying regeneration mechanisms. The successful synthesis of Ti<inf>3</inf>AlC<inf>2</inf>, Ti<inf>3</inf>C<inf>2</inf>T<inf>x</inf> MXene, and SI–Ti<inf>3</inf>C<inf>2</inf>T<inf>x</inf> MXene was confirmed using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical regeneration parameters such as charge passed, regeneration time, current density, and electrolyte composition were optimized with values of 787.5 C g−1, 7.5 min, 10 mA cm−2, and 2.5w/v% sodium chloride, respectively, enabling the complete regeneration of the SI–Ti<inf>3</inf>C<inf>2</inf>T<inf>x</inf> MXene. In addition, the electrochemical regeneration significantly enhanced CPX removal from the SI–Ti<inf>3</inf>C<inf>2</inf>T<inf>x</inf> MXene owing to partial amorphization, disorderliness, increased functional groups, delamination, and defect creation in the structure. Thus, the synthesized nano-adsorbent has proven helpful in practical water treatment with optimized electrochemical regeneration processes. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

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