Overview of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Developing Countries

초록

Wastewater treatment facilities have high operational costs and are significant users of energy, due to which <38% percent of municipal as well as industrial wastewater generated by developing countries undergoes treatment of any kind. Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are man-made earthen basins used for the treatment of wastewater using individual and/or combination of physicochemical and biological agents with the aim of reducing various contents like nutrients, micro- and macro-pollutants and also removing pathogens from wastewater. Though used worldwide, WSPs are especially suitable for developing countries that have warm climates as they are cost-effective, highly efficient, entirely natural, and highly sustainable. Depending on the required final effluent quality, the ponds can be used individually or connected in a series of anaerobic, facultative, and maturation ponds. This, in turn, is based on what is to be done with the effluent. Whether it is to be used for restricted or unrestricted irrigation or aquaculture or discharged into surface water or groundwater. This chapter gives an overview of various types of WSPs, their design, function, and disinfection processes along with strategies and methods that can be adopted to improve their performance in developing countries. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

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