당이 본 ‘발해’

초록

This article examines the trend and the background of how Tang(당) perceived Balhae through ‘Appointment titles(책봉호)’ and ‘The name of a country’ and ‘Envoys’. During the reign of Wu Zetian(측천무후), the Tang viewed Balhae as an object of subjugation. However, after Jungjong(중종) ascended the throne, Tang began to regard Balhae as an object of diplomacy. This is because the strategic value of Balhae had increased along with changes in the internal and external situation of the Tang. Tang sent an envoy to appoint Dae-Joyeong(대조영) as the king of Balhaegun(발해군왕). Academia, paying attention to the appointment titles, thought that Tang regarded Balhae as an inner liege(내신). However, as confirmed by the Taesan(태산) Bongseon Ritual(봉선의례) in 725, the Tang regarded Balhae as a foreign liege(외신). Apart from the appointment titles, it can also be confirmed that King Mu was called ‘King’, which corresponds to the foreign liege. In other words, the Tang recognized Balhae as an independent country. The Tang called Balhae by various titles. Until the middle of the 8th century, the expression Balhae Malgal(발해말갈), Balhaegun Malgal(발해군말갈), Malgal(말갈), Balhae was used, but after the second half of the 8th century, it was changed to Balhae and Balhaeguk(발해국). Since the 760s, Balhae and Malgal had been distinguished, and as a number of Malgal forces had been absorbed into Balhae and extinguished, indicating that the Tang’s perception of Balhae had changed. Until around 756, Balhae was tied up with Heuksu Malgal(흑수말갈)·Hae(해)·and Khitan(거란). However, around 765, Balhae was separated from Yangbeon (Khitan and Hae) and Heuksu Malgal and tied up with Silla(신라). In general, it seems that Balhae, unlike the Khitan and Hae, maintained a friendly relationship with the Tang, and was also recognized as the Eastern Barbarians(동이). Tang, at first, sent figures of various positions as envoys to Balhae. However, after King Mun’s reign, eunuchs were sent as envoys. Balhae actively adopted Tang institutions. Therefore Tang evaluated Balhae as a country that adored Chinese culture and knew loyalty as did the Chinese. Balhae’s international status as perceived by the Tang was also not low. Balhae was one of the main nations that the Tang sent envoys to. When comparing the official rank of foreign envoys dispatched by the Tang, Balhae and Silla were treated equally and but had a lower status than Tibet(토번), Yunnam(운남), and Uighur(위구르).

키워드